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The Soviet Union had long objected to the Montreux Convention of 1936 which gave Turkey sole control over shipping between the Bosphorus strait, an essential waterway for Russian exports. When the 1925 Soviet-Turkish Treaty of Friendship and Neutrality expired in 1945, the Soviet side chose not to renew the treaty.
Article 2 states, "In time of peace, merchant vessels shall enjoy complete freedom of passage and navigation in the Straits, by day and by night, under any flag with any kind of cargo". The International Straits Commission was abolished, thereby allowing the full resumption of Turkish military control over the Straits and the refortification of ...
The parties agreed to defer the final settlement on the status of the Black Sea and the Turkish Straits to a future conference. [8] The Straits resolution at Lausanne, signed on 24 July 1923 by the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Turkey, called for demilitarizing the Straits Zone and forming an international commission to control them. [9]
[95] Stalin's Politburo also issued directives on quotas for mass arrests and executions. [96] Under Stalin, the death penalty was extended to adolescents as young as 12 years old in 1935. [97] [98] [99] After that, several trials, known as the Moscow Trials, were held, but the procedures were replicated throughout the country.
Putin is an unabashed admirer of Stalin and has worked — successfully, in Russia — to rehabilitate his image, which suffered for years after a posthumous denunciation in 1956 by Khrushcheva ...
Accordingly, to the British transcript, Stalin was quoted as saying: "if Britain were interested in the Mediterranean, then Russia was equally interested in the Black Sea". Stalin claimed that the Montreux convention of 1936 which governed the Turkish Straits was biased against the Soviet Union and needed to be revised. [51]
By that time, Sovnarkom had turned its attention to spreading proletarian revolution abroad, forming the Communist International in March 1919; Stalin attended its inaugural ceremony. [153] Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that Soviet Russia remained ...
Two German navy ships sailed through the Taiwan Strait for the first time in over 20 years. China criticized the move, saying it condemned excuses for violating Chinese sovereignty.