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The church-sect typology has been enriched with subtypes. The theory of the church-sect continuum states that churches, ecclesia, denominations and sects form a continuum with decreasing influence on society. [citation needed] Sects are break-away groups from more mainstream religions and tend to be in tension with society.
Church sect theory by William H. Swatos, Jr . in the Encyclopedia of Religion and Society by Swatos (editor) Apologetics Index: research resources on cults, sects, and related issues. The publisher operates from an evangelical Christian point of view, but the site links to and presents a variety of viewpoints.
Church sect typology, Weber distinguished between sects and churches by stating that membership of a sect is a personal choice and church membership is determined by birth. The typology later developed more extensively by his friend Ernst Troeltsch and others. [ 56 ]
In the church-sect typology, sects are defined as voluntary associations of religiously qualified persons: [4] membership is not ascribed at birth but results from the free acceptance of the sect's doctrine and discipline by the follower, and from the continuous acceptance of the follower by the sect. Sects tend to draw disproportionately from ...
In 1963 Benton Johnson revised the church-sect theory into its current state. [1] Church and sect form opposite poles on an axis representing the amount of "tension" between religious organizations and their social environments. Tension, as defined by Benton Johnson, is "a manifestation of deviance."
The term "sectarianism" is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "excessive attachment to a particular sect or party, especially in religion". [5] The phrase " sectarian conflict " usually refers to violent conflict along religious or political lines, such as the conflicts between Nationalists and Unionists in Northern Ireland (religious ...
In Japan, the academic study of new religions appeared in the years following the Second World War. [11] [12]In the 1960s, American sociologist John Lofland lived with Unification Church missionary Young Oon Kim and a small group of American church members in California and studied their activities in trying to promote their beliefs and win new members.
Church, Sect, Mysticism Three principles of historiography Ernst Peter Wilhelm Troeltsch ( / t r ɛ l tʃ / ; [ 1 ] German: [tʁœltʃ] ; 17 February 1865 – 1 February 1923) was a German liberal Protestant theologian , a writer on the philosophy of religion and the philosophy of history , and a classical liberal politician.