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A blood substitute (also called artificial blood or blood surrogate) is a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood. It aims to provide an alternative to blood transfusion , which is transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into another.
Carrier and channel ionophores (a) Carrier ionophores reversibly bind ions and carry them through cell membranes. (b) Channel ionophores create channels within cell membranes to facilitate the transport of ions. In chemistry, an ionophore (from Greek ion and -phore 'ion carrier') is a chemical species that reversibly binds ions. [1]
[citation needed] Jet fuel is an example of a fuel requiring a surrogate for experimental research and numerical modelling due to its complexity and high content variability from one batch to the next. [1] [non-primary source needed] Neat hydrocarbon jet fuel surrogate components include decane, dodecane, methylcyclohexane, and toluene.
Carrier mobility strongly depends on the concentration of localized states in a non-linear fashion. [2] In the case of nearest-neighbour hopping , which is the limit of low concentrations, the following expression can be fitted to the experimental results: [ 3 ]
In chemistry, a catalyst support or carrier is a material, usually a solid with a high surface area, to which a catalyst is affixed. [1] The activity of heterogeneous catalysts is mainly promoted by atoms present at the accessible surface of the material. Consequently, great effort is made to maximize the specific surface area of a catalyst ...
Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) are organic compounds that can absorb and release hydrogen through chemical reactions. LOHCs can therefore be used as storage media for hydrogen. In principle, every unsaturated compound (organic molecules with C-C double or triple bonds) can take up hydrogen during hydrogenation.
The most common form of surrogacy is called "gestational surrogacy," in which the surrogate is formally referred to as a "gestational carrier." In this scenario, which was first introduced in the ...
The carrier concentration can be calculated by treating electrons moving back and forth across the bandgap just like the equilibrium of a reversible reaction from chemistry, leading to an electronic mass action law. The mass action law defines a quantity called the intrinsic carrier concentration, which for undoped materials:
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