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Tic disorders are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) based on type (motor or phonic) and duration of tics (sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic movements). [1] Tic disorders are defined similarly by the World Health Organization ( ICD-10 codes).
Although tic disorders are commonly considered to be childhood syndromes, tics occasionally develop during adulthood; adult-onset tics often have a secondary cause. [33] Tics that begin after the age of 18 are not diagnosed as Tourette's syndrome, but may be diagnosed as an "other specified" or "unspecified" tic disorder. [24]
Other possibilities include chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, XYY syndrome and fragile X syndrome. Acquired causes of tics include drug-induced tics, head trauma, encephalitis, stroke, and carbon monoxide poisoning. [2] [6] The symptoms of Lesch–Nyhan syndrome may also be confused with Tourette syndrome. [7]
While tics subside for the majority after adolescence, some of the "most severe and debilitating forms of tic disorder are encountered" in adults. [47] In some cases, what appear to be adult-onset tics can be childhood tics re-surfacing. [47]
Palilalia must be differentiated from other complex tic disorders (such as echolalia), stuttering, [10] and logoclonia. In contrast to stuttering or logoclonia, palilalic repetitions tend to consist of complete sections of words or phrases, [ 5 ] are often repeated many times, [ 11 ] and the speaker has no difficulty initiating speech.
The more people talked of the disorder, the more stressful the environment became. "Eventually when a mass hysteria happens," Taberski said, "the mass hysteria becomes the stress or the trauma."
Echopraxia is a typical symptom of Tourette syndrome but causes are not well elucidated. [1]Frontal lobe animation. One theoretical cause subject to ongoing debate surrounds the role of the mirror neuron system (MNS), a group of neurons in the inferior frontal gyrus (F5 region) of the brain that may influence imitative behaviors, [1] but no widely accepted neural or computational models have ...
Tardive tourettism is a tic disorder featuring the same symptoms as Tourette syndrome. The two disorders are extremely close in nature and often can only be differentiated by the details of their respective onsets. Tardive myoclonus, a rare disorder, presents as brief jerks of muscles in the face, neck, trunk, and extremities. [13]