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  2. Time dilation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation

    Time dilation is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). When unspecified, "time dilation" usually refers to the effect due to velocity.

  3. Gravitational time dilation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation

    Gravitational time dilation has been experimentally measured using atomic clocks on airplanes, such as the Hafele–Keating experiment. The clocks aboard the airplanes were slightly faster than clocks on the ground. The effect is significant enough that the Global Positioning System's artificial satellites need to have their clocks corrected. [13]

  4. Estuarine water circulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuarine_water_circulation

    Model of Estuary. The residence time of water is a key variable determining the health of an estuary, particularly from human-induced stresses.Rapid flushing ensures that there is insufficient time for sediment accumulation or dissolved oxygen depletion in the estuary; thus a well flushed estuary is intrinsically more robust than a poorly flushed estuary. [1]

  5. River - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River

    The sediment yield of a river is the quantity of sand per unit area within a watershed that is removed over a period of time. [11] The monitoring of the sediment yield of a river is important for ecologists to understand the health of its ecosystems, the rate of erosion of the river's environment, and the effects of human activity.

  6. Discharge (hydrology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)

    In hydrology, discharge is the volumetric flow rate (volume per time, in units of m 3 /h or ft 3 /h) of a stream. It equals the product of average flow velocity (with dimension of length per time, in m/h or ft/h) and the cross-sectional area (in m 2 or ft 2). [1] It includes any suspended solids (e.g. sediment), dissolved chemicals like CaCO

  7. River ecosystem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_ecosystem

    The "flow regime" of a river or stream includes the general patterns of discharge over annual or decadal time scales, and may capture seasonal changes in flow. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] While water flow is strongly determined by slope, flowing waters can alter the general shape or direction of the stream bed, a characteristic also known as geomorphology .

  8. Rapids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapids

    Rapids cause water aeration of the stream or river, resulting in better water quality. [2] For a rapid to form, a necessary condition is the presence of a gradient, which refers to the river or stream's downward slope. When a river has a larger gradient, the water flows downhill faster. [3] Gradients are typically measured in feet per mile. [4]

  9. Tideway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tideway

    Depending on the time of year, the river tide rises and falls twice a day by up to 7 m (24 ft). Because the tide goes against the outflow of fresh water from the Thames Basin, it takes longer to subside (6–9 hours) than it does to flow in (4–5 hours).