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Detomidine is an imidazole derivative and α 2-adrenergic agonist, [1] used as a large animal sedative, primarily used in horses. It is usually available as the salt detomidine hydrochloride . It is a prescription medication available to veterinarians sold under various trade names.
Butorphanol is a narcotic used for pain relief in horses. [15] It is administered either IM or IV, with its analgesic properties beginning to take effect about 15 minutes after injection and lasting 4 hours. [16] It is also commonly paired with sedatives, such as xylazine and detomidine, to make the horse easier to handle during veterinary ...
Xylazine is widely used in veterinary medicine as a sedative, muscle relaxant, and analgesic. It is frequently used in the treatment of tetanus. [1] It is not used in human medical treatment. Xylazine is similar to drugs such as phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, and clonidine. [3]
Dexmedetomidine may be useful for the treatment of the negative cardiovascular effects of acute amphetamines and cocaine intoxication and overdose. [27] [28] Dexmedetomidine has also been used as an adjunct to neuroaxial anesthesia for lower limb procedures. [29] It has been successfully used to treat opioid withdrawal symptoms. [30]
They are mainly used in research, having found limited clinical application in human medicine. They are extensively used in veterinary medicine to reverse the effects of alpha-2 agonist drugs used as sedatives, like xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine. Alpha-2 blockers increase noradrenaline release.
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This occurs due to profound hypotension caused by reversal of the alpha 1 effects while the reflex bradycardia is still in effect.). There is a low rate of side effects, largely due to atipamezole's high specificity for the α 2-adrenergic receptor. Atipamezole has a very quick onset, usually waking an animal up within 5 to 10 minutes.
Medetomidine is a racemic mixture of two optical or stereoisomers, levomedetomidine and dexmedetomidine. [4] The latter causes the alpha 2- adrenergic agonist effects. [5] It is often used as the hydrochloride salt, medetomidine hydrochloride, a crystalline white solid that can be administered as an intravenous drug solution with sterile water.