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Burn rate (typically expressed in mm/s or in/s) is the sample length over time at a given pressure and temperature. For solid fuel propellant, the most common method of measuring burn rate is the Crawford Type Strand Burning Rate Bomb System [3] (also known as the Crawford Burner or Strand Burner), as described in MIL-STD-286C. [4]
The confinement time measures the rate at which a system loses energy to its environment. The faster the rate of loss of energy, , the shorter the energy confinement time.. It is the energy density (energy content per unit volume) divided by the power loss density (rate of energy loss per unit volume
According to Matalon–Matkowsky–Clavin–Joulin theory, if and are the laminar burning speed and thickness of a planar flame (and =, / be the corresponding flame residence time with , being the thermal diffusivity in the unburnt gas), then the burning speed for the curved flame with respect to the unburnt gas is given by [6] [page needed]
Once the second fuse has burned out, 30 seconds have elapsed, and there are 30 seconds of burn time left on the first fuse. Light the other end of the first fuse. Once the first fuse burns out, 45 seconds have elapsed. Many other variations are possible, in some cases using fuses that burn for different amounts of time from each other. [5]
In comparison, man-made reactors are far less dense and much smaller, allowing the fusion products to easily escape the fuel. To offset this, much higher rates of fusion are required, and thus much higher temperatures; most man-made fusion reactors are designed to work at temperatures over 100 million kelvins (180 million degrees F). [8]
The reaction rate (fusions per volume per time) is σv times the product of the reactant number densities: f = n 1 n 2 σ v . {\displaystyle f=n_{1}n_{2}\langle \sigma v\rangle .} If a species of nuclei is reacting with a nucleus like itself, such as the DD reaction, then the product n 1 n 2 {\displaystyle n_{1}n_{2}} must be replaced by n 2 / ...
red lead with silicon, burning at intermediate rate; lead(IV) oxide with silicon, burning at 5–6 cm/s; potassium permanganate with antimony, very slow; Manganese Delay Composition: manganese with lead chromate and barium chromate (lead chromate is the principal oxidizer, barium chromate acts as burning rate modifier, the more of it the slower ...
The reaction rate density between species A and B, having number densities n A,B, is given by: = where k is the reaction rate constant of each single elementary binary reaction composing the nuclear fusion process: = here, σ(v) is the cross-section at relative velocity v, and averaging is performed over all velocities.