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The Shurangama or Śūraṅgama mantra is a dhāraṇī or long mantra of Buddhist practice in East Asia. Although relatively unknown in modern Tibet, there are several Śūraṅgama Mantra texts in the Tibetan Buddhist canon. It has strong associations with the Chinese Chan Buddhist tradition.
In 1958, Nobel published a German translation, based on Yijing's Chinese text. [18] In 1970, R. E. Emmerick produced an English translation of the short, condensed Sanskrit version of the Sutra of Golden Light into English. [19] In Tibetan, there are three versions of the Sutra: the 21, 29, and 31 chapter versions.
The Śūraṅgama Mantra of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra is the most commonly practiced mantra invoking her. [ citation needed ] According to Thubten Zopa Rinpoche , the "Great White Umbrella" is a sādhanā for healing illness, dispelling interferences and spirit possession , quelling disasters, and bringing auspiciousness .
The mantra was translated from Sanskrit into Chinese by Guṇabhadra (Sanskrit; Chinese: 求那跋陀羅, 394–468) from central India. It is usually recited 21, 27 or 49 times per day. [2] In one type of group practice, participants usually recite this mantra three times after reciting the Heart Sutra or the Amitabha Sutra.
The chanting of mantras is the most popular form of worship in Hinduism. The Vedas are liturgical texts (mantras and hymns). Stuti is an umbrella term for religious literary creations, but it literally means "praise." The Hindu devotional Bhakti traditions place a focus on repetitive prayer, known as japa.
Buddhist Tantric texts may have begun appearing during the Gupta Period (320–550 CE). [2] [3] However, the earliest known datable Buddhist Tantra is the Awakening of Mahāvairocana Tantra, which was mentioned and collected by the Chinese pilgrim Wu-xing (無行) c. 680 CE.
The Śūraṅgama Sūtra (Chinese: 首楞嚴經; pinyin: Shǒuléngyán jīng, Sūtra of the Heroic March) (Taisho no. 945) is a Mahayana Buddhist sutra that has been especially influential on Korean Buddhism (where it remains a major subject of study in Sŏn monasteries) and Chinese Buddhism (where it was a regular part of daily liturgy during the Song).
The Gayatri mantra is cited widely in Hindu texts, such as the mantra listings of the Śrauta liturgy, and classical Hindu texts such as the Bhagavad Gita, [5] [6] Harivamsa, [7] and Manusmṛti. [8] The mantra and its associated metric form was known by the Buddha. [9] The mantra is an important part of the initiation ceremony.