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It is located in what became known as the Silver Valley of the Coeur d'Alene Basin, an area for a century that was a center of extensive silver and other metal mining and processing. This resulted in extensive contamination of water, land and air, endangering residents including the Coeur d'Alene Tribe , which had traditionally depended on fish ...
A billet is a length of metal that has a round or square cross-section, with an area less than 36 in 2 (230 cm 2). Billets are created directly via continuous casting or extrusion or indirectly via hot rolling an ingot or bloom. [1] [2] [4] Billets are further processed via profile rolling and drawing. Final products include bar stock and wire. [3]
An ingot is a piece of relatively pure material, usually metal, that is cast into a shape suitable for further processing. [1] In steelmaking, it is the first step among semi-finished casting products. Ingots usually require a second procedure of shaping, such as cold/hot working, cutting, or milling to produce a useful final product.
Survivalism is a social movement of individuals or groups (called survivalists, doomsday preppers or preppers [1] [2]) who proactively prepare for emergencies, such as natural disasters, and other disasters causing disruption to social order (that is, civil disorder) caused by political or economic crises.
The show is a competition between survival experts who take turns dropping each other in dangerous areas of the world. For each episode the goal is to find civilization within 100 hours, using only the survival kit provided and whatever they can sneak in with them. [3] [4]
While fallout shelters have been advocated since the 1950s, dedicated self-sufficient survivalist retreats have been advocated only since the mid-1970s. The survival retreat concept has been touted by a number of influential survivalist writers including Ragnar Benson, Robert K. Brown, Barton Biggs, Bruce D. Clayton, Jeff Cooper, Cresson Kearny, James Wesley Rawles, Howard Ruff, Kurt Saxon ...
When the metal had cooled and hardened, the smaller ingots (the "pigs") were simply broken from the runner (the "sow"), hence the name "pig iron". [4] As pig iron is intended for remelting, the uneven size of the ingots and the inclusion of small amounts of sand are insignificant issues when compared to the ease of casting and handling.
Plano-convex ingots are lumps of metal with a flat or slightly concave top and a convex base. They are sometimes, misleadingly, referred to as bun ingots which imply the opposite concavity. [ 1 ] They are most often made of copper , although other materials such as copper alloy, lead and tin are used.