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Glomerulocystic kidney disease can be inherited by autosomal dominant inheritance, develop due to urinary tract obstruction, [3] manifest in cell proliferation during organogenesis, [8] and develop through other related kidney diseases. Familial heritable GCKD can be inherited by offspring through adults which can cause GCKD in children or babies.
Alport syndrome is a genetic disorder [1] affecting around 1 in 5,000–10,000 children, [2] characterized by glomerulonephritis, end-stage kidney disease, and hearing loss. [3] Alport syndrome can also affect the eyes, though the changes do not usually affect vision, except when changes to the lens occur in later life. Blood in urine is universal.
Both children and adults can develop glomerulosclerosis, which can result in different types of kidney conditions. One frequently encountered type of glomerulosclerosis is caused by diabetes. Drug use or infections may cause focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), a very chronic kidney condition.
Signs and symptoms include proteinuria and edema. [ 2 ] [ 5 ] Kidney failure is a common long-term complication of the disease. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] FSGS can be classified as primary, secondary, or genetic, depending on whether a particular toxic or pathologic stressor or genetic predisposition can be identified as the cause.
The disorder can be screened during pregnancy by finding elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein on a routine sampling of amniotic fluid. [3] Indication for kidney biopsy remains unclear as histologic findings do no reveal the cause of congenital nephrotic syndrome, but findings may help in developing treatment strategies.
Aggressive Berger's disease (a rarer form of the disease) can attack other major organs, such as the liver, skin and heart. IgA nephropathy is the most common glomerulonephritis worldwide; the global incidence is 2.5/100,000 per year amongst adults. [1] Aggressive Berger's disease is on the NORD list of rare diseases. [2]
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a type of glomerulonephritis caused by deposits in the kidney glomerular mesangium and basement membrane thickening, [2] activating the complement system and damaging the glomeruli. MPGN accounts for approximately 4% of primary renal causes of nephrotic syndrome in children and 7% in adults. [3]
Genetic disorders: congenital nephrotic syndrome is a rare genetic disorder in which the protein nephrin, a component of the glomerular filtration barrier, is altered. Drugs ( e.g. gold salts, penicillin , captopril ): [ 25 ] gold salts can cause a more or less important loss of proteins in urine as a consequence of metal accumulation.
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