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The glabella, in humans, is the area of skin between the eyebrows and above the nose. The term also refers to the underlying bone that is slightly depressed, and joins the two brow ridges. It is a cephalometric landmark that is just superior to the nasion. [1]
In most cases of sinus barotrauma, localized pain to the frontal area is the predominant symptom. This is due to pain originating from the frontal sinus, it being above the brow bones. Less common is pain referred to the temporal, occipital, or retrobulbar region. Epistaxis or serosanguineous secretion from the nose may occur.
The brow ridges are often not well expressed in human females, as pictured above in a female skull, and are most easily seen in profile. The brow ridge, or supraorbital ridge known as superciliary arch in medicine, is a bony ridge located above the eye sockets of all primates and some other animals.
One method is using Pitanguy's line, which is defined as running from 0.5 cm below the tragus to 1.5 cm above the lateral eyebrow. [1] Another method is to recognize that the temporal branch runs between the lines from the earlobe to the hairline and from the earlobe to the lateral eyebrow.
The corrugator supercilii muscle acts upon the skin of the forehead superior to the middle of the supraorbital margin, [1] drawing the eyebrow inferomedially to produce vertical wrinkles of the forehead [3] just superior to the nose. [1] It is the "frowning" muscle, and may be regarded as the principal muscle in the expression of suffering. [4]
The glabellar reflex, also known as the "glabellar tap sign", is a primitive reflex elicited by repetitive tapping of the glabella — the smooth part of the forehead above the nose and between the eyebrows. [1]
The bottom of the forehead is marked by the supraorbital ridge, the bone feature of the skull above the eyes. The two sides of the forehead are marked by the temporal ridge, a bone feature that links the supraorbital ridge to the coronal suture line and beyond. [1] [2] However, the eyebrows do not form part of the forehead.
Facial trauma, also called maxillofacial trauma, is any physical trauma to the face.Facial trauma can involve soft tissue injuries such as burns, lacerations and bruises, or fractures of the facial bones such as nasal fractures and fractures of the jaw, as well as trauma such as eye injuries.