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The relationships between primary production and environmental conditions have helped account for variation within ecosystem types, allowing ecologists to demonstrate that energy flows more efficiently through aquatic ecosystems than terrestrial ecosystems due to the various bottom-up and top-down controls in play.
A pyramid of energy or pyramid of productivity shows the production or turnover (the rate at which energy or mass is transferred from one trophic level to the next) of biomass at each trophic level. Instead of showing a single snapshot in time, productivity pyramids show the flow of energy through the food chain. Typical units are grams per ...
Biofortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed. This is an important improvement on ordinary fortification when it comes to providing nutrients for the rural poor, who rarely ...
Another example is the fortifications of Rhodes which were frozen in 1522 so that Rhodes is the only European walled town that still shows the transition between the classical medieval fortification and the modern ones. [46] A manual about the construction of fortification was published by Giovanni Battista Zanchi in 1554.
Specifically, "trophic mutualism" refers to the transfer of energy and nutrients between two species. This is also sometimes known as resource-to-resource mutualism. Trophic mutualism often occurs between an autotroph and a heterotroph. [1] Although there are many examples of trophic mutualisms, the heterotroph is generally a fungus or bacteria.
Food fortification is the addition of micronutrients (essential trace elements and vitamins) to food products. Food enrichment specifically means adding back nutrients lost during food processing, while fortification includes adding nutrients not naturally present. [ 1 ]
An example of an early concentric castle is the Byzantine castle of Korykos in Turkey, built in the early 11th century AD. [ 2 ] Historians (in particular Hugh Kennedy ) have argued that the concentric defence arose as a response to advances in siege technology in the crusader states from the 12th to the 13th century.
In the 21st century, the Earth's climate and its energy policy interact and their relationship is studied and governed by a variety of national and international institutions. [ 1 ] The relationships between energy- resource depletion , climate change , health resources and the environment, and the effects that they have on each other, have ...