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  2. Inheritance (object-oriented programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(object...

    For instance, in C#, the base method or property can only be overridden in a subclass if it is marked with the virtual, abstract, or override modifier, while in programming languages such as Java, different methods can be called to override other methods. [15] An alternative to overriding is hiding the inherited code.

  3. Access modifiers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_modifiers

    Access modifiers are a specific part of programming language syntax used to facilitate the encapsulation of components. [1] In C++, there are only three access modifiers. C# extends the number of them to six, [2] while Java has four access modifiers, but three keywords for this purpose. In Java, having no keyword before defaults to the package ...

  4. Method overriding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_overriding

    Method overriding, in object-oriented programming, is a language feature that allows a subclass or child class to provide a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by one of its superclasses or parent classes.

  5. Trait (computer programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_(computer_programming)

    override (or asymmetric sum): an operation that forms a new trait by adding methods to an existing trait, possibly overriding some of its methods; alias: an operation that creates a new trait by adding a new name for an existing method; exclusion: an operation that forms a

  6. Covariant return type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariant_return_type

    In object-oriented programming, a covariant return type of a method is one that can be replaced by a "narrower" (derived) type when the method is overridden in a subclass. A notable language in which this is a fairly common paradigm is C++. C# supports return type covariance as of version 9.0. [1]

  7. Composition over inheritance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_over_inheritance

    For example, in the C# code below, the variables and methods of the Employee base class are inherited by the HourlyEmployee and SalariedEmployee derived subclasses. Only the Pay() method needs to be implemented (specialized) by each derived subclass. The other methods are implemented by the base class itself, and are shared by all of its ...

  8. Fragile base class - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_base_class

    C# and VB.NET like Java have "sealed" and "Not Inheritable" class declaration keywords to prohibit inheritance, and require a subclass to use keyword "override" on overriding methods, [3] the same solution later adopted by Scala. Scala require a subclass to use keyword "override" explicitly in order to override a parent class method. In the ...

  9. Plain old CLR object - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Old_CLR_Object

    Plain Old CLR Object is a play on the term plain old Java object from the Java EE programming world, which was coined by Martin Fowler in 2000. [2] POCO is often expanded to plain old C# object, though POCOs can be created with any language targeting the CLR.