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An edible vaccine is a food, typically plants, that contain vitamins, proteins or other nourishment that act as a vaccine against a certain disease. [1] Once the plant, fruit, or plant derived product is ingested orally, it stimulates the immune system. [1] Specifically, it stimulates both the mucosal and humoral immune systems. [2]
Some vaccines come with the active ingredients already suspended in solution and the syringe pre-filled (e.g., Bexsero meningococcal Group B vaccine [10]). Others are supplied as a vial of freeze-dried powder, which is reconstituted prior to administration using a dilutant from a separate vial or pre-filled syringe (e.g., MMR vaccine [13]).
DNA vaccines induce antigen production in the host. It is a plasmid that contains a viral, bacterial or parasite gene. The animal's immune system recognises the expressed protein as foreign, and this can lead to a cellular or humeral response. DNA vaccines overcomes the safety concerns of live-attenuated vaccines.
Nonetheless, many studies have identified other uses and nutritional benefits from other micronutrients that exist at these sites, including selenium, cobalt and/or molybdenum. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] In addition to the utilization of mineral licks, many animals suffer from traffic collisions as they gather to lick salts accumulated on road surfaces.
Because selenium-enriched foods contain much more selenium than natural foods, selenium toxicity is a potential problem, and such foods must be treated with caution. [4] The EU allows up to 300 micrograms of selenium per day, but one long-term study of selenium supplementation showed no evidence of toxicity at a dose as high as 800 micrograms ...
Allergies are caused by an oversensitive immune system, leading to a misdirected immune response. The immune system normally protects the body against harmful substances such as bacteria and viruses. Allergy occurs when the immune system reacts to substances that are generally harmless and in most people do not cause an immune response.
For US food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For selenium labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 70 μg, but as of 27 May 2016 it was revised to 55 μg. [34] [35] A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at Reference Daily Intake.
Shellfish allergies are highly cross reactive, but its prevalence is much higher than that of fish allergy. Shellfish allergy is the leading cause of food allergy in U.S adults. [31] As of 2018 six allergens have been identified to prawn alone; along with crab, it is the major culprit of seafood anaphylaxis. [13]