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Seawater, or sea water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). This means that every kilogram (roughly one liter by volume) of seawater has approximately 35 grams (1.2 oz) of dissolved salts (predominantly sodium ( Na +
Water (data page) – Chemical data page for water is a collection of the chemical and physical properties of water. Aquaphobia – Persistent and abnormal fear of water; Blue roof – Roof of a building that is designed to provide temporary water storage; Catchwater – Runoff catching or channeling device; Human right to water and sanitation
Marine chemistry, also known as ocean chemistry or chemical oceanography, is the study of the chemical composition and processes of the world’s oceans, including the interactions between seawater, the atmosphere, the seafloor, and marine organisms. [2]
Chemical oceanography is the study of the chemistry of the ocean. Whereas chemical oceanography is primarily occupied with the study and understanding of seawater properties and its changes, ocean chemistry focuses primarily on the geochemical cycles. The following is a central topic investigated by chemical oceanography.
TEOS-10 (Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater - 2010) is the international standard for the use and calculation of the thermodynamic properties of seawater, humid air and ice. It supersedes the former standard EOS-80 (Equation of State of Seawater 1980). [ 1 ]
Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters. Physical oceanography is one of several sub-domains into which oceanography is divided. Others include biological, chemical and geological oceanography. Physical oceanography may be ...
Coastal Hydrogeology is a branch of Hydrogeology that focuses on the movement and the chemical properties of groundwater in coastal areas. Coastal Hydrogeology studies the interaction between fresh groundwater and seawater , including seawater intrusion , sea level induced groundwater level fluctuation, submarine groundwater discharge , human ...
Deep seawater has a temperature between −2 °C (28 °F) and 5 °C (41 °F) in all parts of the globe. [30] Seawater with a typical salinity of 35 ‰ [31] has a freezing point of about −1.8 °C (28.8 °F). [32] When its temperature becomes low enough, ice crystals form on the surface.