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  2. Commodification of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodification_of_water

    Water is a basic need of life and presently, an estimated one billion persons do not have access to safe drinking water, and even more have inadequate sanitation. [5] Global institutions, including the United Nations, warn of the impact of a growing global population and the effects of climate change on the ability of people to access freshwater. [3]

  3. Excise tax in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excise_tax_in_the_United...

    Federal excise tax revenue from tobacco products peaked in fiscal year 2010 at $17.2 billion after the increase in tobacco product tax rates in the Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009. This tax increase, which took effect in April 2009, was the most recent time federal tobacco tax rates were changed.

  4. Commodity chemicals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_chemicals

    Commodity chemicals (or bulk commodities or bulk chemicals) are a group of chemicals that are made on a very large scale to satisfy global markets. The average prices of commodity chemicals are regularly published in the chemical trade magazines and web sites such as Chemical Week and ICIS .

  5. Commodity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity

    The first commodity super cycle started in late 1890 and was accelerated on the back of widespread U.S. industrialization and World War 1. In 1917 commodity prices peaked and then entered a downtrend to the 1930s. As war erupted in Europe in the late 1930s and eventually including the U.S. the world saw a new cycle begin.

  6. Raw material - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_material

    Sulfur at harbor in North Vancouver, British Columbia, ready to be loaded onto a ship Latex being collected from a tapped rubber tree. A raw material, also known as a feedstock, unprocessed material, or primary commodity, is a basic material that is used to produce goods, finished goods, energy, or intermediate materials that are feedstock for future finished products.

  7. Corlett–Hague rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corlett–Hague_rule

    The Corlett–Hague rule is a rule in the economics of optimal taxation, which follows the second best approach, and states that optimal taxation can be achieved by taxing complementary goods of leisure, thereby reducing the distortion of labor supply incentives.

  8. Taxing and Spending Clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause

    Here, the requirement is that taxes must be geographically uniform throughout the United States. This means taxes affected by this provision must function "with the same force and effect in every place where the subject of it is found." [38] However, this clause does not require revenues raised by the tax from each state be equal.

  9. Pigouvian tax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigouvian_tax

    A Pigouvian tax (also spelled Pigovian tax) is a tax on any market activity that generates negative externalities (i.e., external costs incurred by third parties that are not included in the market price). A Pigouvian tax is a method that tries to internalize negative externalities to achieve the Nash equilibrium and optimal Pareto efficiency. [1]