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2. Copeland's method - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copeland's_method

   1 if more voters strictly prefer candidate i to candidate j than prefer j to i ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ if the numbers are equal; 0 if more voters prefer j to i than prefer i to j. This may be called the "1/ 1 ⁄ 2 /0" method (one number for wins, ties, and losses, respectively). By convention, r ii is 0. The Copeland score for candidate i is the sum ...

3. Rank correlation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_correlation

   1 if the agreement between the two rankings is perfect; the two rankings are the same. 0 if the rankings are completely independent. −1 if the disagreement between the two rankings is perfect; one ranking is the reverse of the other. Following Diaconis (1988), a ranking can be seen as a permutation of a set of objects.

4. Exponentiation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation

   Each curve passes through the point (0, 1) because any nonzero number raised to the power of 0 is 1. At x = 1, the value of y equals the base because any number raised to the power of 1 is the number itself. In mathematics, exponentiation is an operation involving two numbers: the base and the exponent or power.

5. Order of operations - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations

   In mathematics and computer programming, the order of operations is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which operations to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression. These rules are formalized with a ranking of the operations. The rank of an operation is called its precedence, and an operation with a ...

6. Rank (linear algebra) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_(linear_algebra)

   In linear algebra, the rank of a matrix A is the dimension of the vector space generated (or spanned) by its columns. [1][2][3] This corresponds to the maximal number of linearly independent columns of A. This, in turn, is identical to the dimension of the vector space spanned by its rows. [4] Rank is thus a measure of the "nondegenerateness ...

7. Student's t-distribution - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student's_t-distribution

   These problems are generally of two kinds: (1) those in which the sample size is so large that one may treat a data-based estimate of the variance as if it were certain, and (2) those that illustrate mathematical reasoning, in which the problem of estimating the standard deviation is temporarily ignored because that is not the point that the ...