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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 19 February 2025. Enclaved Holy See's independent city-state This article is about the city-state in Europe. For the city-state's government, see Holy See. Vatican City State Stato della Città del Vaticano (Italian) Status Civitatis Vaticanae (Latin) Flag Coat of arms Anthem: Inno e Marcia Pontificale ...
[30] For example, Leo X was said to have remarked: "Let us enjoy the papacy, since God has given it to us." [28] Several of these popes took mistresses and fathered children and engaged in intrigue or even murder. [30] Alexander VI had four acknowledged children: Cesare Borgia, Lucrezia Borgia, Gioffre Borgia, and Giovanni Borgia before he ...
The history of the Catholic Church is the formation, events, and historical development of the Catholic Church through time.. According to the tradition of the Catholic Church, it started from the day of Pentecost at the upper room of Jerusalem; [1] the Catholic tradition considers that the Church is a continuation of the early Christian community established by the Disciples of Jesus.
From the time of Constantine I's conversion to Christianity in the 4th century, the question of the relationship between temporal and spiritual power was constant, causing a clash between the Church and the Empire. The decline of imperial power initially allowed the pope to assert greater independence.
The Austrian Empire annulled the Concordat of 1855. In the Kingdom of Prussia , the anti-Catholic Kulturkampf broke out immediately afterwards, and in the French Third Republic the synod so accentuated the power of ultramontanism (an emphasis on the powers of the pope), that Republican France took steps to curb it by revoking the Concordat of ...
Napoleon Bonaparte abolished the pope's temporal power in 1809, incorporating Rome and Latium into his First French Empire. Pope Pius VII himself was even taken prisoner by Napoleon. However, the pope's temporal power was restored by the Great powers at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in the 1815 Congress of Vienna .
In 1929, the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See established Vatican City as an independent city-state, guaranteeing papal independence from secular rule. [9] In 1950, Pope Pius XII defined the Assumption of Mary as dogma, the only time a pope has spoken ex cathedra since papal infallibility was explicitly declared.
Cyprian (died 258) says that Pope Cornelius (in office 251–253) was chosen as Bishop of Rome "by the decree of God and of His Church, by the testimony of nearly all the clergy, by the college of aged bishops [sacerdotum], and of good men". [15] As in other dioceses, the clergy of the Diocese of Rome was the electoral body for the Bishop of Rome.