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Gravity field surrounding Earth from a macroscopic perspective. Newton's law of universal gravitation can be written as a vector equation to account for the direction of the gravitational force as well as its magnitude. In this formula, quantities in bold represent vectors.
According to VMD, the photon is a superposition of the pure electromagnetic photon, which interacts only with electric charges, and vector mesons, which mediate the residual nuclear force. [108] However, if experimentally probed at very short distances, the intrinsic structure of the photon appears to have as components a charge-neutral flux of ...
Newton's second law is sometimes presented as a definition of force, i.e., a force is that which exists when an inertial observer sees a body accelerating. In order for this to be more than a tautology — acceleration implies force, force implies acceleration — some other statement about force must also be made.
In physics, gravity (from Latin gravitas 'weight' [1]) is a fundamental interaction primarily observed as a mutual attraction between all things that have mass.Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 10 38 times weaker than the strong interaction, 10 36 times weaker than the electromagnetic force, and 10 29 times weaker than the weak interaction.
However, its crucial physical properties are analogous to a (massive) photon: it induces a "vector force", sometimes dubbed a "fifth force". The electromagnetic potential A μ {\displaystyle A_{\mu }} emerges from an extra component of the metric tensor g μ 5 {\displaystyle g_{\mu 5}} , where the figure 5 labels an additional, fifth dimension .
Isaac Newton's law of Universal Gravitation (1687) was a good approximation of the behaviour of gravitation. Present-day understanding of gravitation stems from Einstein's General Theory of Relativity of 1915, a more accurate (especially for cosmological masses and distances) description of gravitation in terms of the geometry of spacetime.
The virtual particles, also known as force carriers, are bosons, with different bosons associated with each force. [2]: 16–37 The virtual-particle description of static forces is capable of identifying the spatial form of the forces, such as the inverse-square behavior in Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Coulomb's law. It is also ...
The photon having non-zero linear momentum, one could imagine that it has a non-vanishing rest mass m 0, which is its mass at zero speed. However, we will now show that this is not the case: m 0 = 0. Since the photon propagates with the speed of light, special relativity is called for. The relativistic expressions for energy and momentum ...