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Chemokines (from Ancient Greek χῠμείᾱ (khumeíā) 'alchemy' and κῑ́νησῐς (kī́nēsis) 'movement'), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells.
Chemokine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors containing 7 transmembrane helices [5] that are found predominantly on the surface of leukocytes.Approximately 19 different chemokine receptors have been characterized to date, which share many common structural features.
Type I cytokine receptors are defined by sharing their cytokine binding domain (CBD) with conserved cysteine residues and a conserved WSxWS motif in the extracellular domain. [7] The receptors form heteromeric complexes that usually contain the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) , which is important for activating downstream signaling pathways. [ 7 ]
BAFF is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This cytokine is a ligand for receptors TNFRSF13B/TACI, TNFRSF17/BCMA, and TNFRSF13C/BAFF-R. This cytokine is expressed in B cell lineage cells, and acts as a potent B cell activator. It has been also shown to play an important role in the proliferation and ...
TSLP's pivotal role in initiating immune responses begins with its release by epithelial or stromal cells of the lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal tract as an alarmin following mechanical cell injury, pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and protease-activated receptor (PAR) activation, stimulation by certain cytokines, chemical irritation, or ...
Also, one study indicates that JAK1 is needed to carry out signalling for receptors of the cytokines IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10. [22] The JAK-STAT pathway in cytokine receptor signalling can activate STATs, which can bind to DNA and allow the transcription of genes involved in immune cell division, survival, activation and recruitment.
Cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CISH gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] CISH orthologs [ 8 ] have been identified in most mammals with sequenced genomes. CISH controls T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, and variations of CISH with certain SNPs are associated with susceptibility to bacteremia ...
A cytokinin signaling and response regulator protein is a plant protein that is involved in a two step cytokinin signaling and response regulation pathway. The current model of cytokinin signaling and response regulation shows that it works as a multi-step phosphorelay two-component signaling system . [ 1 ]