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In 1921, Turkish authorities made false birth certificates declaring Greek orphans to be older than they actually were. In this way, teenage boys were also conscripted into labour battalions. [16] Even Mark Lambert Bristol, who had a notably pro-Turkish bias, [17] reported that the Greek men in labour battalions were "treated like animals." [18 ...
The incident of the Twenty Classes (Turkish: Yirmi Kur'a Nafıa Askerleri, [1] literally: "Soldiers for Public works by drawing of twenty lots", or Yirmi Kur'a İhtiyatlar Olayı, [2] [3] literally: "Incident of the Reserve soldiers by drawing of twenty lots") was a conscription used by the Turkish government during World War II to conscript the male non-Muslim minority population mainly ...
Examples include labour battalions in the late Ottoman Empire and early Turkish Republic both during World War I and during World War II, labour service in Hungary during World War II, labour battalions established by Francoist Spain (estimated in 700 labour units overall, excluding the approximately 300 concentration camps) [1] during the ...
In September 1922 Ayvalik was captured by troops of the Turkish national movement and its Greek population was forcibly evacuated. A total of 3,000 citizens were transported to inland Anatolia as part of the labour battalions and only 23 of them managed to survive. [17]
Attrition wore the combat battalions down, but World War I was also hard on the non-combatant units. During 1916, at the high point of the Russian advance, the labor battalions were targeted. In the summer of 1916, the surviving 28 labor battalions were reorganized into 17 full strength battalions. Minister of War during World War I, Enver Pasha
Labour Battalions, Death march, Pontic Greek genocide, Massacre of Phocaea, Evacuation of Ayvalik, İzmit massacres, 1914 Greek deportations, Samsun deportations, Amasya trials, Burning of Smyrna: Foreign aid and relief; Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor, American Committee for Relief in the Near East: Responsible parties
Labour Battalions, Death march, Pontic Greek genocide, Massacre of Phocaea, Evacuation of Ayvalik, İzmit massacres, 1914 Greek deportations, Samsun deportations, Amasya trials, Burning of Smyrna: Foreign aid and relief; Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor, American Committee for Relief in the Near East: Responsible parties
Labour Battalions, Death march, Pontic Greek genocide, Massacre of Phocaea, Evacuation of Ayvalik, İzmit massacres, 1914 Greek deportations, Samsun deportations, Amasya trials, Burning of Smyrna: Foreign aid and relief; Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor, American Committee for Relief in the Near East: Responsible parties