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The "swinging" heart. A pericardial effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity. The pericardium is a two-part membrane surrounding the heart: the outer fibrous connective membrane and an inner two-layered serous membrane. The two layers of the serous membrane enclose the pericardial cavity (the potential space ...
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), or ischemic heart disease (IHD), [13] is a type of heart disease involving the reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscle due to a build-up of atheromatous plaque in the arteries of the heart. [5][6][14] It is the most common of the cardiovascular diseases. [15]
Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is a sudden worsening of the signs and symptoms of heart failure, which typically includes difficulty breathing (dyspnea), leg or feet swelling, and fatigue. [1] ADHF is a common and potentially serious cause of acute respiratory distress. The condition is caused by severe congestion of multiple organs ...
Passive leg raise. Passive leg raise, also known as shock position, is a treatment for shock or a test to evaluate the need for further fluid resuscitation in a critically ill person. [1] It is the position of a person who is lying flat on their back with the legs elevated approximately 8–12 inches (200–300 mm). [2][3][4][5] The purpose of ...
Cardiac tamponade, also known as pericardial tamponade (/ ˌtæm.pəˈneɪd / [ 4 ]), is a compression of the heart due to pericardial effusion (the build-up of pericardial fluid in the sac around the heart). [ 2 ] Onset may be rapid or gradual. [ 2 ] Symptoms typically include those of obstructive shock including shortness of breath, weakness ...
Pericardial fluid. A transverse section of the thorax, showing the contents of the middle and the posterior mediastinum. The pleural and pericardial cavities are exaggerated since normally there is no space between parietal and visceral pleura and between pericardium and heart. Pericardial fluid is the serous fluid secreted by the serous layer ...
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a form of heart failure in which the ejection fraction – the percentage of the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat divided by the volume of blood when the left ventricle is maximally filled – is normal, defined as greater than 50%; [1] this may be measured by echocardiography or cardiac catheterization.
Cardiac stress testing is used to determine to assess cardiac function and to disclose evidence of exertion-related cardiac hypoxia. Radionuclide testing using thallium or technetium can be used to demonstrate areas of perfusion abnormalities. With a maximal stress test the level of exercise is increased until the person's heart rate will not ...