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It would not be long before the Scramble for Africa and European colonial interests set their eyes on the marginal Turkish provinces of Libya. The Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II twice sent his aide-de-camp Azmzade Sadik El Mueyyed to meet Sheikh Senussi to cultivate positive relations and counter the West European scramble for Africa. [28]
The 3 main historical subdivisions of Libya. Subdivisions of Libya have varied significantly over the last two centuries. Initially Libya under Ottoman and Italian control was organized into three to four provinces, then into three governorates and after World War II into twenty-five districts ().
The Italo-Turkish War was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy from September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912. As a result of this conflict, the Ottoman Turks ceded the provinces of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica to Italy. These provinces together formed what became known as Libya.
The Ottoman Empire later claimed suzerainty of Cyrenaica based on the Mamluk claim of suzerainty through alliance with the tribes. Cyrenaica was subsumed into Ottoman Libya. [24] In 1879, Cyrenaica became a wilayah of the Ottoman Empire. [25] In 1888, it became a mutasarrıfiyya under a mutasarrif and was further divided into five qadaas.
Ottoman rule continued until the Italo-Turkish War, which resulted in the Italian occupation of Libya and the establishment of two colonies, Italian Tripolitania and Italian Cyrenaica (1911–1934), later unified in the Italian Libya colony from 1934 to 1943. During World War II, Libya was an area of warfare in the North African Campaign.
The Hafsids were of Berber descent, [1] although to further legitimize their rule, they claimed Arab ancestry from the second Rashidun caliph Omar. [2] The ancestor of the dynasty (from whom their name is derived), was Abu Hafs Umar ibn Yahya al-Hintati, a Berber from the Hintata tribal confederation, [3] which belonged to the greater Masmuda confederation in present-day Morocco. [4]
Libya comprises three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost 1.8 million km 2 (700,000 sq mi), it is the fourth-largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and the 16th-largest in the world. [7] Libya claims 32,000 square kilometres of southeastern Algeria, south of the Libyan town of Ghat.
Map of the world according to Herodotus. During the Iron Age and Classical antiquity, Libya (from Greek Λιβύη: Libyē, which came from Berber: Libu) referred to the area of North Africa directly west of the Nile river (Modern day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco), not to be confused with modern country Libya which only represents the eastern part of the territory at the time.