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Catalytic hydrogenation using platinum(IV) oxide (PtO 2) [23] or Raney nickel [24] Iron metal in refluxing acetic acid [25] Samarium diiodide [26] Raney nickel, platinum on carbon, or zinc dust and formic acid or ammonium formate [6] α,β-Unsaturated nitro compounds can be reduced to saturated amines by: Catalytic hydrogenation over palladium ...
Catalytic hydrogenation can be used to reduce amides to amines; however, the process often requires high hydrogenation pressures and reaction temperatures to be effective (i.e. often requiring pressures above 197 atm and temperatures exceeding 200 °C). [1]
An example of a homogeneous catalytic system is the reductive amination of ketones done with an iridium catalyst. [20] Homogenous Iridium (III) catalysts have been shown to be effective in the reductive amination of carboxylic acids , which in the past has been more difficult than aldehydes and ketones. [ 16 ]
The catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles is often the most economical route available for the production of primary amines. [3] Catalysts for the reaction often include group 10 metals such as Raney nickel , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] palladium black , or platinum dioxide . [ 1 ]
In chemistry, the hydrogenation of carbon–nitrogen double bonds is the addition of the elements of dihydrogen (H 2) across a carbon–nitrogen double bond, forming amines or amine derivatives. [1] Although a variety of general methods have been developed for the enantioselective hydrogenation of ketones, [ 2 ] methods for the hydrogenation of ...
For example, in the three-component coupling of aldehydes, amines, and activated alkenes, the aldehyde reacts with the amine to produce an imine prior to forming the aza-MBH adduct, as in the reaction of aryl aldehydes, diphenylphosphinamide, and methyl vinyl ketone, in the presence of TiCl 4, triphenylphosphine, and triethylamine: [19]
The hydrogen sulfide is subsequently recovered in an amine treater and finally converted to elemental sulfur in a Claus process unit. In those industries, desulfurization process units are often referred to as hydrodesulfurizers (HDS) or hydrotreaters (HDT). Catalysts are based on molybdenum sulfide containing smaller amounts of cobalt or ...
The Béchamp reduction (or Béchamp process) is a chemical reaction that converts aromatic nitro compounds to their corresponding anilines using iron as the reductant: [1] 4 C 6 H 5 NO 2 + 9 Fe + 4 H 2 O → 4 C 6 H 5 NH 2 + 3 Fe 3 O 4. This reaction was once a major route to aniline, but catalytic hydrogenation is the preferred method. [2]