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The World Health Organization notes gender differentials in both the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. [61] Gender bias observed in diagnostic and healthcare systems (including as related to under-diagnosis, over-diagnosis, and misdiagnosis) is detrimental to the treatment and health of people of all genders.
The gender pay gap, family role expectations, lack of visible role models or mentors, discrimination and harassment, and bias in hiring and promotion practices exacerbate this problem. [102] Through socialization, women may feel obligated to choose programs with characteristics that emulate gender roles and stereotypes.
Some research has shown that culture and context-specific gender roles have a stronger influence on emotional expression than do biological factors. In a 2002 paper, Wester et al. conclude: "In sum, empirical evidence suggests that girls are socialized to be emotional, nonaggressive, nurturing, and obedient, whereas boys are socialized to be ...
The gender-equality paradox is the finding that various gender differences in personality and occupational choice are larger in more gender equal countries. Larger differences are found in Big Five personality traits , Dark Triad traits , self-esteem, depression, personal values, occupational and educational choices.
An example of gender stereotypes assumes those of the male gender are more 'tech savvy' and happier working online, however, a study done by Hargittai & Shafer, [217] shows that many women also typically have lower self-perceived abilities when it comes to use of the World Wide Web and online navigation skills. Because this stereotype is so ...
The Psychology of Women Section (BPS), [12] of the British Psychological Society was created in 1988 to draw together everyone with an interest in the psychology of women, to provide a forum to support research, teaching and professional practice, and to raise an awareness of gender issues and gender inequality in psychology as profession and ...
Sexologist John Money coined the term gender role in 1955. The term gender role is defined as the actions or responses that may reveal their status as boy, man, girl or woman, respectively. [44] Elements surrounding gender roles include clothing, speech patterns, movement, occupations, and other factors not limited to biological sex.
In 1978 Women and sex roles: A social psychological perspective was published, one of the first textbooks on the psychology behind women and sex roles. [15] Another textbook to be published, Gender and Communication, was the first textbook to discuss the topic of its subject. [16] Other influential academic works focused on the development of ...