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Mapping of several bone diseases onto levels of vitamin D (calcidiol) in the blood [6] Normal bone vs. osteoporosis. Vitamin D deficiency is typically diagnosed by measuring the concentration of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the blood, which is the most accurate measure of stores of vitamin D in the body.
One common active form is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. [4] The term vitamin D in this article means cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and the active forms. The role of vitamin D is best characterized as enabling calcium absorption and regulating calcium homeostasis. Vitamin D also play a role in phosphate absorption. [5]
This condition can be caused by vitamin D, calcium or phosphorus deficiency. [86] Vitamin D deficiency remains the main cause of rickets among young infants in most countries because breast milk is low in vitamin D, and darker skin, social customs, and climatic conditions can contribute to inadequate sun exposure.
Vitamin D related hypocalcemia may be associated with a lack of vitamin D in the diet, a lack of sufficient UV exposure, or disturbances in renal function. Low vitamin D in the body can lead to a lack of calcium absorption and secondary hyperparathyroidism (hypocalcemia and raised parathyroid hormone). [ 1 ]
Such rapid administration of calcium would result in effective over-correction – symptoms of hypercalcemia would follow. [citation needed] However, in either circumstance, maintenance doses of both calcium and vitamin-D (often as 1,25-(OH) 2-D 3, i.e. calcitriol) are often necessary to prevent further decline. [citation needed]
The kidney influences the plasma ionized calcium concentration in yet another manner. It processes vitamin D 3 into calcitriol, the active form that is most effective in promoting the intestinal absorption of calcium. This conversion of vitamin D 3 into calcitriol, is also promoted by high plasma parathyroid hormone levels. [24] [26]
[34] [35] Calcium carbonate as a calcium supplement source has several benefits compared to other forms like calcium citrate, lactate, or gluconate, because of highest content of elemental calcium by weight (40%), providing more calcium per dose compared to other forms. It is the least expensive form of calcium, making it a cost-effective ...
Vitamin D and calcium supplements are measures that can be used to prevent and treat osteomalacia. Vitamin D should always be administered in conjunction with calcium supplementation (as the pair work together in the body) since most of the consequences of vitamin D deficiency are a result of impaired mineral ion homeostasis. [11]