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Hijabophobia is a term referring to discrimination against women wearing Islamic veils, including the hijab, chador, niqāb and burqa. It is considered a gender-specific type of Islamophobia, [2] [3] [1] or simply "hostility towards the hijab". [4]
The burqa (also transliterated as burka or burkha) is often confused with other types of head-wear worn by Muslim women, particularly the niqāb and the hijab. A burqa covers the body, head, and face, with a mesh grille to see through. A niqab covers the hair and face, excluding the eyes. A hijab covers the hair and chest but not the face. [252]
Hijab and burka controversies in Europe revolve around the variety of headdresses worn by Muslim women, which have become prominent symbols of the presence of Islam in especially Western Europe. In several countries, the adherence to hijab (an Arabic term meaning "to cover") has led to political controversies and proposals for a legal partial ...
The hijab is commonly worn throughout the Islamic world, with many Muslim countries having adapted it to their culture and traditions. For example, there are Muslim countries like Turkey where only a headscarf is common; however, this does not mean that the niqab , burqa or khimar are not worn.
In several countries the adherence to hijab (an Arabic noun meaning "to cover") has led to political controversies and proposals for a legal ban. The Netherlands government has decided to introduce a ban on face-covering clothing, popularly described as the "burqa ban", although it does not only apply to the Afghan-model burqa.
The hijab of Muslim women, including the niqab and covering a woman’s face in front of strangers, has not been a subject of controversy among Muslims historically. Rather, it is a matter that is taken for granted and is known in the Muslim environment.
The discrimination hijab-wearing Muslim women face goes beyond affecting their work experience; it also interferes with their decision to uphold religious obligations. As a result, hijab-wearing Muslim women in the United States have worries regarding their ability to follow their religion, because it might mean they are rejected employment. [233]
Woman of the Haredi burqa sect in Mea Shearim, a Jewish neighbourhood in the Old City of Jerusalem, 2012. The shal (shāl שָאל, lit. ' shawl ')—also called a frumka, a portmanteau of the Yiddish-language word frum and the Arabic-language word burqa —is a garment which fully covers the body and