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Historical accounts suggest that opium first arrived in China during the Tang dynasty (618–907) as part of the merchandise of Arab traders. [10] Later on, Song Dynasty (960–1279) poet and pharmacologist Su Dongpo recorded the use of opium as a medicinal herb: "Daoists often persuade you to drink the jisu water, but even a child can prepare the yingsu soup."
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Planting and selling opium was a tradition in rural China since the Opium Wars, despite continuous government efforts to ban it. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The CCP records note that both Japanese and Nationalists built a system of massive selling and buying opium, which drove the Communists to take the same approach of collecting and selling opium, while ...
The decline of Russell & Company was led by a transformation in Chinese trade. The Second Opium War and the Tianjin Treaties in particular shifted more autonomy toward Western countries within regard to the extent of their dealings within China. Opium importation was eventually illegalized [20] and more ports were established. Government ...
In 'Smoke and Ashes,' Amitav Ghosh draws comparisons between America's modern opioid crisis and the West's flooding of China with opium in the 18th century.
Warren Delano Jr. (July 13, 1809 – January 17, 1898) was an American merchant and drug smuggler who made a large fortune smuggling illegal opium into China. He was the maternal grandfather of U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt .
A Modern History of Hong Kong. I. B. Taurus & Company. ISBN 978-1-84511-419-0. Online version at Google Books; Wakeman Jnr., Frederic (1992). The Canton Trade and the Opium War in John K. Fairbank, The Cambridge History of China, vol. 10, part 1. London. ISBN 0-521-21447-5. {}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher