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Using a SELECT statement after the INSERT statement with a database-specific function that returns the generated primary key for the most recently inserted row. For example, LAST_INSERT_ID() for MySQL. Using a unique combination of elements from the original SQL INSERT in a subsequent SELECT statement.
Codd's twelve rules [1] are a set of thirteen rules (numbered zero to twelve) proposed by Edgar F. Codd, a pioneer of the relational model for databases, designed to define what is required from a database management system in order for it to be considered relational, i.e., a relational database management system (RDBMS).
It also supports >REPLACE INTO syntax, [6] which first attempts an insert, and if that fails, deletes the row, if exists, and then inserts the new one. There is also an IGNORE clause for the INSERT statement, [ 7 ] which tells the server to ignore "duplicate key" errors and go on (existing rows will not be inserted or updated, but all new rows ...
In a SQL database, a record is typically called a "row". The introduction of granular (subset) locks creates the possibility for a situation called deadlock. Deadlock is possible when incremental locking (locking one entity, then locking one or more additional entities) is used. To illustrate, if two bank customers asked two clerks to obtain ...
function lookupByPositionIndex(i) node ← head i ← i + 1 # don't count the head as a step for level from top to bottom do while i ≥ node.width[level] do # if next step is not too far i ← i - node.width[level] # subtract the current width node ← node.next[level] # traverse forward at the current level repeat repeat return node.value end ...
One technique is to mark each changed row with a version number. A current version is maintained for the table, or possibly a group of tables. This is stored in a supporting construct such as a reference table. When a change capture occurs, all data with the latest version number is considered to have changed.
Optimistic concurrency control (OCC), also known as optimistic locking, is a non-locking concurrency control method applied to transactional systems such as relational database management systems and software transactional memory. OCC assumes that multiple transactions can frequently complete without interfering with each other.
Changes in a database (by insert, delete, or modify operations), may require indexes to be updated to maintain accurate user data accesses. [1] Index locking is a technique used to maintain index integrity. A portion of an index is locked during a database transaction when this portion is being accessed by the transaction as a result of attempt ...