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In logic, mathematics and computer science, especially metalogic and computability theory, an effective method [1] or effective procedure is a procedure for solving a problem by any intuitively 'effective' means from a specific class. [2] An effective method is sometimes also called a mechanical method or procedure. [3]
The former is an example of simple problem solving (SPS) addressing one issue, whereas the latter is complex problem solving (CPS) with multiple interrelated obstacles. [1] Another classification of problem-solving tasks is into well-defined problems with specific obstacles and goals, and ill-defined problems in which the current situation is ...
The worked-example effect is a learning effect predicted by cognitive load theory. [1] [full citation needed] Specifically, it refers to improved learning observed when worked examples are used as part of instruction, compared to other instructional techniques such as problem-solving [2] [page needed] and discovery learning.
Low-knowledge learners benefit more from studying structured worked-out examples than from solving problems on their own. However, as knowledge increases, open-ended problem solving becomes the more effective learning activity. [17] Interactions between levels of knowledge and the imagination effect: The imagination effect occurs when imagining ...
These studies have shown that active problem solving early in the learning process is a less effective instructional strategy than studying worked examples (Sweller and Cooper, 1985; Cooper and Sweller, 1987). Certainly active problem solving is useful as learners become more competent, and better able to deal with their working memory limitations.
Effective use of OLE uncovers the data that fuels root-cause analysis and points to corrective actions. Likewise, OLE exposes trends that can be used to diagnose more subtle problems. It also helps managers understand whether corrective actions did, in fact, solve problems and improve overall productivity. Example:
In discussions of problem structuring methods, it is common to distinguish between two different types of situations that could be considered to be problems. [17] Rittel and Webber's distinction between tame problems and wicked problems (Rittel & Webber 1973) is a well known example of such types. [17]
For example, it's quite possible to reduce a difficult-to-solve NP-complete problem like the boolean satisfiability problem to a trivial problem, like determining if a number equals zero, by having the reduction machine solve the problem in exponential time and output zero only if there is a solution. However, this does not achieve much ...