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Hilbert spaces arise naturally and frequently in mathematics and physics, typically as function spaces. Formally, a Hilbert space is a vector space equipped with an inner product that induces a distance function for which the space is a complete metric space. A Hilbert space is a special case of a Banach space.
The version for Hilbert spaces can for example be found in (Schwartz 1969, p. 21). [2] If H 1 is a separable space (in particular, if it is a Euclidean space) the result is true in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory; for the fully general case, it appears to need some form of the axiom of choice; the Boolean prime ideal theorem is known to be ...
The first three functions in the sequence () = on [,].As converges weakly to =.. The Hilbert space [,] is the space of the square-integrable functions on the interval [,] equipped with the inner product defined by
The vector space of all continuous antilinear functions on H is called the anti-dual space or complex conjugate dual space of H and is denoted by ¯ ′ (in contrast, the continuous dual space of H is denoted by ′), which we make into a normed space by endowing it with the canonical norm (defined in the same way as the canonical norm on the ...
where H(D) is the space of holomorphic functions in D. Then L 2,h (D) is a Hilbert space: it is a closed linear subspace of L 2 (D), and therefore complete in its own right. This follows from the fundamental estimate, that for a holomorphic square-integrable function ƒ in D
A rigged Hilbert space is a pair (H, Φ) with H a Hilbert space, Φ a dense subspace, such that Φ is given a topological vector space structure for which the inclusion map i is continuous. Identifying H with its dual space H * , the adjoint to i is the map i ∗ : H = H ∗ → Φ ∗ . {\displaystyle i^{*}:H=H^{*}\to \Phi ^{*}.}
The simplest example of a direct integral are the L 2 spaces associated to a (σ-finite) countably additive measure μ on a measurable space X. Somewhat more generally one can consider a separable Hilbert space H and the space of square-integrable H-valued functions (,).
Here the Hilbert space is L 2 (R), the space of square integrable functions on R, and the energy operator H is defined by (assuming the units are chosen such that ℏ = m = ω = 1) [ H f ] ( x ) = − 1 2 d 2 d x 2 f ( x ) + 1 2 x 2 f ( x ) . {\displaystyle [Hf](x)=-{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}}{\mathrm {d} x^{2}}}f(x)+{\frac {1}{2}}x ...