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Gladius, showing measurement of rachis and vane. The gladius (pl.: gladii), or pen, is a hard internal bodypart found in many cephalopods of the superorder Decapodiformes (particularly squids) and in a single extant member of the Octopodiformes, the vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis). [1]
The two-part beak of the giant squid, Architeuthis sp. All living cephalopods have a two-part beak; [12]: 7 most have a radula, although it is reduced in most octopus and absent altogether in Spirula. [12]: 7 [98]: 110 They feed by capturing prey with their tentacles, drawing it into their mouth and taking bites from it. [25]
Cephalopod limbs bear numerous suckers along their ventral surface as in octopus, squid and cuttlefish arms and in clusters at the ends of the tentacles (if present), as in squid and cuttlefish. [9] Each sucker is usually circular and bowl-like and has two distinct parts: an outer shallow cavity called an infundibulum and a central hollow ...
Cephalopods exhibit various dermal structures on their mantles and other parts. These may take the form of conspicuous warts, cushions, papillae or scales, though in many species they are microscopic tubercles. [4] The most elaborate forms are found among the oceanic squid of the order Teuthida. [1] [5]
Tortoise with cuttlebone Fossil cuttlebone of the Pliocene species Sepia rugulosa Fossilised cuttlebone-like gladius of Trachyteuthis [1]. Cuttlebone, also known as cuttlefish bone, is a hard, brittle internal structure (an internal shell) found in all members of the family Sepiidae, commonly known as cuttlefish, within the cephalopods.
Coleoidea [1] [2] or Dibranchiata is one of the two subclasses of cephalopods containing all the various taxa popularly thought of as "soft-bodied" or "shell-less" (i.e. octopus, squid and cuttlefish).
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In species where the shell is small compared to the size of the body, more of the mantle shows. Shell-less slugs have the mantle fully visible. The dorsal surface of the mantle is called the notum, while the ventral surface of the mantle is called the hyponotum. In the family Philomycidae, the mantle covers the whole back side of the body. [2]