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Cryoneurolysis treatments that use nitrous oxide (boiling point of −88.5 °C) as the coolant fall in the range of an axonotmesis injury, or 2nd degree injury, according to the Sunderland classification system. [1] Treatments of the nerve in this temperature range are reversible, usually within a few months.
Nitrous oxide is a colourless gas with a faint, sweet odour. Nitrous oxide supports combustion by releasing the dipolar bonded oxygen radical, and can thus relight a glowing splint. N 2 O is inert at room temperature and has few reactions. At elevated temperatures, its reactivity increases. For example, nitrous oxide reacts with NaNH
Orchiopexy is performed in the event of testicular torsion, a urologic emergency presenting with intense pain and often without inciting injury. [citation needed]While neonatal torsion occurs with no anatomic defect to account for its occurrence (occurring in utero or shortly after birth), adult torsion results from a bilateral congenital anomaly often called a "bell-clapper deformity", where ...
The surgery can be performed for various reasons: [1] [2] [3] treatment for testicular cancer; as part of gender-affirming surgery for transgender women; as management for advanced prostate cancer [4] to remove damaged testes after testicular torsion. after a trauma or complex rupture of the tunica albuginea.
Testicular torsion may also be caused by trauma to the scrotum or exercise (in particular, bicycle riding); [10] however, only about 4–8% of cases are the result of trauma. [1] [2] There is thought to be a possible genetic basis for predisposition to torsion, based on multiple published reports of familial testicular torsion. [10]
Nitrous oxide, as medical gas supply, is an inhaled gas used as pain medication, and is typically administered with 50% oxygen mix. It is often used together with other medications for anesthesia . [ 2 ]
In most cases nerve sparing is feasible leading to reduced rates of retrograde ejaculation. However, prior chemotherapy or very large residual masses may make nerve sparing challenging. [ 7 ] Contrary to popular belief, erectile function is not compromised by RPLND because the nerves responsible for erection are located elsewhere.
People who have testicular atrophy due to testicular torsion are immediately referred to surgery regardless of the ultrasound findings, since delays rapidly decrease the rate of recovery. The consequences of not treating will result in decreased fertility and may result in the need of an orchiectomy , a surgical procedure to remove one or both ...