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The Balz–Schiemann reaction (also called the Schiemann reaction) is a chemical reaction in which a primary aromatic amine is transformed to an aryl fluoride via a diazonium tetrafluoroborate intermediate. [1] [2] [3] This reaction is a traditional route to fluorobenzene and some related derivatives, [4] including 4-fluorobenzoic acid. [5]
The Bouveault–Blanc reduction is a chemical reaction in which an ester is reduced to primary alcohols using absolute ethanol and sodium metal. [1] It was first reported by Louis Bouveault and Gustave Louis Blanc in 1903.
Well-known examples include the Grignard reaction, the Sabatier reaction, the Wittig reaction, the Claisen condensation, the Friedel–Crafts acylation, and the Diels–Alder reaction. Books have been published devoted exclusively to name reactions; [2] [3] [4] the Merck Index, a chemical encyclopedia, also includes an appendix on name reactions.
In carbohydrate chemistry, the Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation also known as the Lobry de Bruyn–Alberda van Ekenstein transformation is the base or acid catalyzed transformation of an aldose into the ketose isomer or vice versa, with a tautomeric enediol as reaction intermediate. Ketoses may be transformed into 3-ketoses, etcetera.
Stephen aldehyde synthesis, a named reaction in chemistry, was invented by Henry Stephen (OBE/MBE).This reaction involves the preparation of aldehydes (R-CHO) from nitriles (R-CN) using tin(II) chloride (SnCl 2), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and quenching the resulting iminium salt ([R-CH=NH 2] + Cl −) with water (H 2 O).
This net reaction can also be described as follows: [PdCl 4] 2 − + C 2 H 4 + H 2 O → CH 3 CHO + Pd + 2 HCl + 2 Cl −. This conversion is followed by reactions that regenerate the Pd(II) catalyst: Pd + 2 CuCl 2 + 2 Cl − → [PdCl 4] 2− + 2 CuCl 2 CuCl + 1 / 2 O 2 + 2 HCl → 2 CuCl 2 + H 2 O. Only the alkene and oxygen are consumed.
The name "Schotten–Baumann reaction conditions" often indicate the use of a two-phase solvent system, consisting of water and an organic solvent. The base within the water phase neutralizes the acid, generated in the reaction, while the starting materials and product remain in the organic phase, often dichloromethane or diethyl ether.
The scope of this reaction has been extended to reactions of carbonyls with alkyl azides R-N 3.This extension was first reported by J.H. Boyer in 1955 [9] (hence the name Boyer reaction), for example, the reaction of 3-nitrobenzaldehyde with β-azido ethanol: