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In other words, if it were possible to have every piece of data on every atom in the universe from the beginning of time, it would be possible to predict the behavior of every atom into the future. Laplace's determinism is usually thought to be based on his mechanics, but he could not prove mathematically that mechanics is deterministic.
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In other words, () is an -dimensional vector that contains the run of data starting with (). Define the distance between two vectors x ( i ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (i)} and x ( j ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (j)} as the maximum of the distances between their respective components, given by
For functions in certain classes, the problem of determining: whether two functions are equal, known as the zero-equivalence problem (see Richardson's theorem); [4] the zeroes of a function; whether the indefinite integral of a function is also in the class. [5]
In other words, the deterministic nature of these systems does not make them predictable. [11] [12] This behavior is known as deterministic chaos, or simply chaos. The theory was summarized by Edward Lorenz as: [13] Chaos: When the present determines the future but the approximate present does not approximately determine the future.
The concept acknowledges some fundamental degree of ignorance, a limit to knowledge, and an essential unpredictability of future events. Knightian uncertainty is named after University of Chicago economist Frank Knight (1885–1972), who distinguished risk and uncertainty in his 1921 work Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit: [1]
In cross-cultural psychology, uncertainty avoidance is how cultures differ on the amount of tolerance they have of unpredictability. [1] Uncertainty avoidance is one of five key qualities or dimensions measured by the researchers who developed the Hofstede model of cultural dimensions to quantify cultural differences across international lines and better understand why some ideas and business ...
Stephen Wolfram is, strictly speaking, a high school and college dropout: He left both Eton and Oxford early, citing boredom. At 20, he received his doctorate in theoretical physics from Caltech ...