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Primitive Baptists – also known as Regular Baptists, Old School Baptists, Foot Washing Baptists, or, derisively, Hard Shell Baptists [2] – are conservative Baptists adhering to a degree of Calvinist beliefs who coalesced out of the controversy among Baptists in the early 19th century over the appropriateness of mission boards, tract societies, and temperance societies.
These "Old" United Baptist share the same heritage as the Old Regular and Primitive Baptist Churches and are Old School in practice [The Separate Baptist and Particular (Regular) Baptists]. In the 1990s, a debate arose in the Northern New Salem over one of its member churches' use of fermented wine in communion (wine was the original Regular ...
Primitive Baptists do not participate in censuses of religious denominations, so there are no solid data on the number of PBUs or other Primitive Baptist groups. [5] Bill Leonard estimated in 2011 that there were 1,000 or fewer PBU adherents in total, concentrated in 20 counties in Appalachia .
Primitive Baptists adhere to a Reformed soteriology. [9] Primitive Baptists emphasize the teaching that "God alone is the author of salvation and therefore any effort by human beings to make salvation happen or compel others to conversion is simply a form of 'works righteousness' that implies that sinners can affect their own salvation."
Many Baptists observe washing of feet as a third ordinance. The communion and foot washing service is practiced regularly by members of the Separate Baptists in Christ, General Association of Baptists, Free Will Baptists, Primitive Baptists, Union Baptists, Old Regular Baptist, Christian Baptist Church of God. [9]
But, the authors say, Protestants are “splintered into at least 300 groups — including the Progressive Primitive Baptists, the Northern New Salem Association of Old Regular Baptists and the ...
Progressive Primitive Baptists are a Christian denomination comprising 95 churches located in nine US states and one church in Haiti. [1] The denominational name consists of three parts. They are identified with the Baptist tradition as they baptize only believers who have made a profession of faith and they only baptize by immersion .
Those who opposed the innovations became known as anti-missions or Primitive Baptists. [2] Since arising in the 19th century, the influence of Primitive Baptists waned as "Missionary Baptists became the mainstream". [1] Missionary Baptists do not constitute a distinct denomination, and many affiliate with the Southern Baptist Convention.