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Multilevel models have been used in education research or geographical research, to estimate separately the variance between pupils within the same school, and the variance between schools. In psychological applications, the multiple levels are items in an instrument, individuals, and families.
Multi-level governance is an approach in political science and public administration theory that originated from studies on European integration.Political scientists Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks developed the concept of multi-level governance in the early 1990s and have continuously been contributing to the research program in a series of articles (see Bibliography). [3]
One application of multilevel modeling (MLM) is the analysis of repeated measures data. Multilevel modeling for repeated measures data is most often discussed in the context of modeling change over time (i.e. growth curve modeling for longitudinal designs); however, it may also be used for repeated measures data in which time is not a factor.
Bayesian hierarchical modelling is a statistical model written in multiple levels (hierarchical form) that estimates the parameters of the posterior distribution using the Bayesian method. [1] The sub-models combine to form the hierarchical model, and Bayes' theorem is used to integrate them with the observed data and account for all the ...
Often, ANOVA assumes the independence of observations within each group, however, this assumption may not hold in non-independent data, such as multilevel/hierarchical, longitudinal, or correlated datasets. Non-independent sets are ones in which the variability between outcomes is due to correlations within groups or between groups.
The Intel 8087 used two-bits-per-cell technology for its microcode ROM, [10] and in 1980 was one of the first devices on the market to use multi-level ROM cells. [11] [12] Intel later demonstrated 2-bit multi-level cell (MLC) NOR flash in 1997. [13] NEC demonstrated quad-level cells in 1996, with a 64 Mbit flash memory chip storing 2 bits per cell.
Multilevel or multi-level may refer to: A hierarchy, a system where items are arranged in an "above-below" relation. A system that is composed of several layers.
The rapid exploration of complex networks in recent years has been dogged by a lack of standardized naming conventions, as various groups use overlapping and contradictory [28] [29] terminology to describe specific network configurations (e.g., multiplex, multilayer, multilevel, multidimensional, multirelational, interconnected).