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The Gandhara grave culture of present-day Pakistan is known by its "protohistoric graves", which were spread mainly in the middle Swat River valley and named the Swat Protohistoric Graveyards Complex, dated in that region to c. 1200 –800 BCE. [1]
Gandhara's first recorded culture was the Grave Culture that emerged c. 1200 BCE and lasted until 800 BCE, [33] and named for their distinct funerary practices. It was found along the Middle Swat River course, even though earlier research considered it to be expanded to the Valleys of Dir , Kunar , Chitral , and Peshawar . [ 34 ]
By the later 6th century BCE, the founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, Cyrus, soon after his conquests of Media, Lydia, and Babylonia, marched into Gandhara and annexed it into his empire. [11]
Gandhara Satrapy was established in the general region of the old Gandhara grave culture, in what is today Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. During Achaemenid rule, the Kharosthi alphabet, derived from the one used for Aramaic (the official language of Achaemenids), developed here and remained the national script of Gandhara until 200 CE.
The Gandhara grave culture, which emerged c. 1600 BCE and flourished from c. 1500 BCE to 500 BCE in Gandhara, modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan, is thus the most likely locus of the earliest bearers of Rigvedic culture. About 1800 BCE, there is a major cultural change in the Swat Valley with the emergence of the Gandhara grave culture.
Gandhara was an ancient region in north-western South Asia, which existed until the 6th century CE. Gandhara may also refer to: Gandhāra (kingdom), an Iron age kingdom in Gandhara; Gandhara Kingdom, the kingdom as described in the Hindu epics; Gandhara grave culture, an archaeological culture from the 15–6th centuries BCE
Culture: Late Vedic Period: Gandhara grave culture (Brahmin ideology) [b] • early Upanishads • Painted Grey Ware culture (Kshatriya/Shramanic culture) [c] • Northern Black Polished Ware: 800-600 BCE: Gandhara: Kuru-Pancala: Kosala-Videha: Culture: Late Vedic Period Mahajanapada: Gandhara grave culture (Brahmin ideology) [d] • early ...
With their impressive material culture including monumental architecture, bronze tools, ceramics, and jewellery of semiprecious stones, the complex exhibits many of the hallmarks of civilisation. The complex can be compared to proto-urban settlements in the Helmand basin at Mundigak in western Afghanistan and Shahr-e Sukhteh in eastern Iran, or ...