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The generalized minimum distance algorithm, developed by Forney, can be used to correct up to dD/2 errors. [2] It uses erasure information from the inner code to improve performance of the outer code, and was the first example of an algorithm using soft-decision decoding. [3] [4]
A lossless audio coding format reduces the total data needed to represent a sound but can be de-coded to its original, uncompressed form. A lossy audio coding format additionally reduces the bit resolution of the sound on top of compression, which results in far less data at the cost of irretrievably lost information.
As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders do feature quite different quality, even with identical bit rates. As an example, in a public listening test featuring two early MP3 encoders set at about 128 kbit/s, [ 75 ] one scored 3.66 on a 1–5 scale, while the other scored only 2.22.
For example, MP3 and AAC dominate the personal audio market in terms of market share, though many other formats are comparably well suited to fill this role from a purely technical standpoint. First public release date is first of either specification publishing or source releasing, or in the case of closed-specification, closed-source codecs ...
(Signature strings) Yes — Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) W3C: XML, Efficient XML Yes Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) Format 1.0: Yes XML: XPointer, XPath: XML Schema: DOM, SAX, StAX, XQuery, XPath — Extensible Data Notation (edn) Rich Hickey / Clojure community Clojure: Yes Official edn spec: No Yes No No Clojure, Ruby, Go, C++, Javascript ...
The natural code rate of the configuration shown is 1/4, however, the inner and/or outer codes may be punctured to achieve higher code rates as needed. For example, an overall code rate of 1/2 may be achieved by puncturing the outer convolutional code to rate 3/4 and the inner convolutional code to rate 2/3.
A classic method is nonlinear PCM, such as the μ-law algorithm. Small signals are digitized with finer granularity than are large ones; the effect is to add noise that is proportional to the signal strength. Sun's Au file format for sound is a popular example of mu-law encoding. Using 8-bit mu-law encoding would cut the per-channel bitrate of ...
Lossy audio compression algorithms provide higher compression and are used in numerous audio applications including Vorbis and MP3. These algorithms almost all rely on psychoacoustics to eliminate or reduce fidelity of less audible sounds, thereby reducing the space required to store or transmit them. [2] [46]