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In physiology, dehydration is a lack of total body water that disrupts metabolic processes. [3] It occurs when free water loss exceeds free water intake. This is usually due to excessive sweating, disease, or a lack of access to water. Mild dehydration can also be caused by immersion diuresis, which may increase risk of decompression sickness ...
Fluid balance is an aspect of the homeostasis of organisms in which the amount of water in the organism needs to be controlled, via osmoregulation and behavior, such that the concentrations of electrolytes (salts in solution) in the various body fluids are kept within healthy ranges.
Water is ~11% hydrogen by mass but ~67% hydrogen by atomic percent, and these numbers along with the complementary % numbers for oxygen in water, are the largest contributors to overall mass and atomic composition figures. Because of water content, the human body contains more oxygen by mass than any other element, but more hydrogen by atom ...
In humans, total body water can be estimated based on the premorbid (or ideal) body weight and correction factor. = C is a coefficient for the expected percentage of weight made up of free water. For adult, non-elderly males, C = 0.6. For adult elderly males, malnourished males, or females, C = 0.5.
Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.
However, because water is a polar molecule this process of simple diffusion is relatively slow, and in tissues with high water permeability the majority of water passes through aquaporin. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to Peter Agre for the discovery of aquaporins [ 6 ] and Roderick MacKinnon for his work on ...
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Metabolic water refers to water created inside a living organism through metabolism, by oxidizing energy-containing substances in food and adipose tissue. Animal metabolism produces about 107–110 grams of water per 100 grams of fat , [ 1 ] 41–42 grams of water per 100 g of protein , and 60 grams of water per 100 g of carbohydrate .