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Overdistension of alveoli and cyclic atelectasis (atelectotrauma) are the primary causes for alveolar injury during positive pressure mechanical ventilation.Severe injury to alveoli causes swelling of the tissues (edema) in the lungs, bleeding of the alveoli, loss of surfactant (decrease in lung compliance) and complete alveoli collapse ().
With more severe trauma, there is a greater amount of edema, bleeding, and tearing of the alveoli. [17] Pulmonary contusion is characterized by microhemorrhages (tiny bleeds) that occur when the alveoli are traumatically separated from airway structures and blood vessels. [24]
Positive airway pressure (PAP) is a mode of respiratory ventilation used in the treatment of sleep apnea.PAP ventilation is also commonly used for those who are critically ill in hospital with respiratory failure, in newborn infants (), and for the prevention and treatment of atelectasis in patients with difficulty taking deep breaths.
CPAP is the most effective treatment for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea, in which the mild pressure from the CPAP prevents the airway from collapsing or becoming blocked. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] CPAP has been shown to be 100% effective at eliminating obstructive sleep apneas in the majority of people who use the therapy according to the ...
In effect, ARDS impairs the lungs' ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. [1] Adult diagnosis is based on a PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio (ratio of partial pressure arterial oxygen and fraction of inspired oxygen) of less than 300 mm Hg despite a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of more than 5 cm H 2 O. [ 1 ] Cardiogenic pulmonary edema ...
BiPAP and CPAP can also be used as next level treatment. Finally, intubation with ventilator support can be used with positive pressure to improve ventilation and oxygenation. [9] In cases where methods to support the lungs to provide oxygen to the blood fail, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, or ECMO can be considered.
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Here are some key words used throughout the article. The process of forcing air into and out of the lungs is known as ventilation. The process by which oxygen is taken in by the bloodstream is called oxygenation. Lung compliance is the capacity of the lungs to contract and expand.
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