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2. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal...

   Within the sterilizer, water flows as close as possible to the ultraviolet light source. Water pre-filtration is critical as water turbidity lowers UV-C penetration. Many of the better UV sterilizers have long dwell times and limit the space between the UV-C source and the inside wall of the UV sterilizer device. [112] [third-party source needed]

3. Germicidal lamp - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germicidal_lamp

   A germicidal lamp (also known as disinfection lamp or sterilizer lamp) is an electric light that produces ultraviolet C (UVC) light. This short-wave ultraviolet light disrupts DNA base pairing , causing formation of pyrimidine dimers , and leads to the inactivation of bacteria , viruses , and protozoans .

4. List of instruments used in microbiological sterilization and ...

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_instruments_used...

   •Ultraviolet light source-do- Inspissator: used to produce culture media for bacteriology that contain egg or serum, which coagulate on heating Tyndallizer: a process of sterilization from spore bearing bacteria; video link: Water bath: to heat things uniformly from all sides at a set temperature up to the boiling point of water Needle Destroyer

5. Sterilization (microbiology) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)

   Sterilization can be achieved using electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet light (UV), X-rays, and gamma rays, or irradiation by subatomic particles such as electron beams. [57] Electromagnetic or particulate radiation can be energetic enough to ionize atoms or molecules ( ionizing radiation ), or less energetic atoms or molecules ( non ...

6. Water purification - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

   Fresh water can have widely ranging pH values depending on the geology of the drainage basin or aquifer and the influence of contaminant inputs . If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime, soda ash, or sodium hydroxide can be added to raise the pH during water purification processes. Lime addition increases the calcium ion concentration, thus ...

7. Ultraviolet - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet

   Ultraviolet radiation can detect thin sheens of spilled oil on water, either by the high reflectivity of oil films at UV wavelengths, fluorescence of compounds in oil, or by absorbing of UV created by Raman scattering in water. [102] UV absorbance can also be uesd to quantify contaminants in wastewater.