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The authors emphasized that the findings reflect a problem that affects all of science and not just psychology, and that there is room to improve reproducibility in psychology. In 2021, the project showed that of 193 experiments from 53 top papers about cancer published between 2010 and 2012, only 50 experiments from 23 papers could be replicated.
Focus on the replication crisis has led to renewed efforts in psychology to retest important findings. [41] [176] A 2013 special edition of the journal Social Psychology focused on replication studies. [13] Standardization as well as (requiring) transparency of the used statistical and experimental methods have been proposed. [177]
Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method.For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a data set should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability when the study is replicated.
Solutions to address these challenges require important structural changes within research institutions and have important repercussions on researchers’ academic careers (see also #Challenges and future directions). The shift from a vertical model toward a more horizontal one was partly motivated by the replication crisis in psychology.
A 2015 study of 100 psychology papers conducted by Open Science Collaboration has been confronted with the "lack of a single accepted definition" which "opened the door to controversy about their methodological approach and conclusions" and made it necessary to fall back on "subjective assessments" of result reproducibility.
Example of direct replication and conceptual replication. There are two main types of replication in statistics. First, there is a type called “exact replication” (also called "direct replication"), which involves repeating the study as closely as possible to the original to see whether the original results can be precisely reproduced. [3]
Berman calls it the “force multiplier” of taking long-term, hard core fans and more casual families and turning them into something that resembles European football — passions and traditions ...
Positive psychology has practical applications in various fields related to education, workplace, community development, and mental healthcare. This domain of psychology aims to enrich individuals' lives by promoting well-being and fostering positive experiences and characteristics, thus contributing to a more fulfilling and meaningful life.