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  2. Argon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon

    Argon constitutes 0.934% by volume and 1.288% by mass of Earth's atmosphere. [23] Air is the primary industrial source of purified argon products. Argon is isolated from air by fractionation, most commonly by cryogenic fractional distillation , a process that also produces purified nitrogen , oxygen , neon , krypton and xenon . [ 24 ]

  3. Atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth

    Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480 × 10 18 kg (1.13494 × 10 19 lb), [42] about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the average sea-level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the ...

  4. Atmospheric chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry

    Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science that studies the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets. This multidisciplinary approach of research draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology, climatology and other disciplines to understand both natural and human-induced changes in atmospheric ...

  5. Atmospheric circulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation

    At the 60th parallel, the air rises to the tropopause (about 8 km at this latitude) and moves poleward. As it does so, the upper-level air mass deviates toward the east. When the air reaches the polar areas, it has cooled by radiation to space and is considerably denser than the underlying air. It descends, creating a cold, dry high-pressure area.

  6. Atmosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere

    Dry air (mixture of gases) from Earth's atmosphere contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen, helium, and other "noble" gases (by volume), but generally a variable amount of water vapor is also present, on average about 1% at sea level.

  7. Atmospheric thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_thermodynamics

    Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat-to-work transformations (and their reverse) that take place in the Earth's atmosphere and manifest as weather or climate. . Atmospheric thermodynamics use the laws of classical thermodynamics, to describe and explain such phenomena as the properties of moist air, the formation of clouds, atmospheric convection, boundary layer meteorology, and ...

  8. Outgoing longwave radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation

    Thus, any energy that enters a system but does not leave must be retained within the system. So, the amount of energy retained on Earth (in Earth's climate system) is governed by an equation: [change in Earth's energy] = [energy arriving] − [energy leaving]. Energy arrives in the form of absorbed solar radiation (ASR). Energy leaves as ...

  9. Atmosphere of Mars - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars

    Comparison of the abundance of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and argon in the atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars. Despite the high concentration of CO 2 in the Martian atmosphere, the greenhouse effect is relatively weak on Mars (about 5 °C) because of the low concentration of water vapor and low atmospheric pressure. While water vapor in Earth ...