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Production of antibiotics is a naturally occurring event, that thanks to advances in science can now be replicated and improved upon in laboratory settings. Due to the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and the efforts of Florey and Chain in 1938, large-scale, pharmaceutical production of antibiotics has been made possible.
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Methods for mass production of penicillin were patented by Andrew Jackson Moyer in 1945. [107] [108] [109] Florey had not patented penicillin, having been advised by Sir Henry Dale that doing so would be unethical. [89] Penicillin is actively excreted, and about 80% of a penicillin dose is cleared from the body within three to four hours of ...
The history of penicillin follows observations and discoveries of evidence of antibiotic activity of the mould Penicillium that led to the development of penicillins that became the first widely used antibiotics. Following the production of a relatively pure compound in 1942, penicillin was the first naturally-derived antibiotic.
Norman George Heatley OBE (10 January 1911 – 5 January 2004) was an English biologist and biochemist. [1] He was a member of the team of Oxford University scientists who developed penicillin . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Heatley developed the back-extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk.
John Clark Sheehan (September 23, 1915 – March 21, 1992) was an American organic chemist whose work on synthetic penicillin led to tailor-made forms of the drug. After nine years of hard work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.), he became the first to discover a practical method for synthesizing penicillin V.
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Elmer L. Gaden Jr. (1923 – 10 March 2012) has been described as "the father of biochemical engineering". [3] A graduate of Columbia University, he wrote a dissertation that quantified the amount of oxygen necessary to fuel the fermentation process used to produce penicillin. Gaden established Columbia's program in biochemical engineering.