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In commensalism, one of the two participating species benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor benefitted. In parasitism, one of the two participating species benefits at the expense of the other. Symbiosis may be obligate or facultative. In obligate symbiosis, one or both species depends on the other for survival.
Historically, commensalism has been recognized as the usual type of association between brittle stars and octocorals. [21] In this association, the ophiurans benefit directly by being elevated through facilitating their feeding by suspension, while the octocorals do not seem to benefit or be harmed by this relationship. [22]
Mutualism is an interaction between two or more species, where species derive a mutual benefit, for example an increased carrying capacity. Similar interactions within a species are known as co-operation. Mutualism may be classified in terms of the closeness of association, the closest being symbiosis, which is often confused with mutualism.
Notopalaeognathae represents the grouping containing the majority of ratites with the exception of ostriches, and the clade Novaeratitae was named to support the relationship between kiwis, cassowaries, emus, and the extinct elephant birds. [24] [22] Cloutier, A. et al. (2019) in their molecular study places ostriches as the basal lineage with ...
Coevolution is the evolution of two or more species which reciprocally affect each other, sometimes creating a mutualistic relationship between the species. Such relationships can be of many different types. [6] [7]
There are three types of elephants: the African forest elephant, the Asian elephant, and the African savanna (or bush) elephant. Elephants in the African savanna are larger than those in the ...
Elephant birds are extinct flightless birds belonging to the order Aepyornithiformes that were native to the island of Madagascar. They are thought to have gone extinct around 1000 AD, likely as a result of human activity. Elephant birds comprised three species, one in the genus Mullerornis, and two in Aepyornis.
In some situations, a conservation organization will want to conserve the mutualistic relationship. For example, many of the Hawaiian Islands have lost the vast majority of their native seed dispersers, and introduced bird species now act as very major seed dispersers of native species. In fact, these exotic species appear to actually ...