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Typicality arguments use the definition of typical sets for non-stationary sources defined in the asymptotic equipartition property article. The technicality of lim inf comes into play when 1 n ∑ i = 1 n C i {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}C_{i}} does not converge.
For example, the channel capacity for slow-fading channel is C = log 2 (1 + h 2 SNR), where h is the fading coefficient and SNR is a signal to noise ratio without fading. As C is random, no constant rate is available. There may be a chance that information rate may go below to required threshold level.
The feedback capacity is known as a closed-form expression only for several examples such as: the Trapdoor channel, [14] Ising channel, [15] [16] the binary erasure channel with a no-consecutive-ones input constraint, NOST channels. The basic mathematical model for a communication system is the following: Communication with feedback
In information theory, the Shannon–Hartley theorem tells the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted over a communications channel of a specified bandwidth in the presence of noise. It is an application of the noisy-channel coding theorem to the archetypal case of a continuous-time analog communications channel subject to ...
Rayleigh fading is a statistical model for the effect of a propagation environment on a radio signal, such as that used by wireless devices.. Rayleigh fading models assume that the magnitude of a signal that has passed through such a transmission medium (also called a communication channel) will vary randomly, or fade, according to a Rayleigh distribution — the radial component of the sum of ...
Many models of communication include the idea that a sender encodes a message and uses a channel to transmit it to a receiver. Noise may distort the message along the way. The receiver then decodes the message and gives some form of feedback. [1] Models of communication simplify or represent the process of communication.
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In satellite communications, carrier-to-noise-density ratio (C/N 0) is the ratio of the carrier power C to the noise power density N 0, expressed in dB-Hz.When considering only the receiver as a source of noise, it is called carrier-to-receiver-noise-density ratio.