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2. Mueller calculus - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueller_calculus

   Mueller calculus is a matrix method for manipulating Stokes vectors, which represent the polarization of light. It was developed in 1943 by Hans Mueller . In this technique, the effect of a particular optical element is represented by a Mueller matrix—a 4×4 matrix that is an overlapping generalization of the Jones matrix .

3. Snell's law - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell's_law

   Fermat supported the opposing assumptions, i.e., the speed of light is finite, and his derivation depended upon the speed of light being slower in a denser medium. [12] [13] Fermat's derivation also utilized his invention of adequality, a mathematical procedure equivalent to differential calculus, for finding maxima, minima, and tangents. [14] [15]

4. College Level Examination Program - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Level_Examination...

   Exams are administered on a computer in a lab style setting. Final results are available immediately after completing the exam. CLEP tests are primarily multiple-choice exams (though some include fill-in or ordering questions, and one College Composition exam has an essay section) which are scored on a scale from 20 to 80.

5. Research & Education Association - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_&_Education...

   Recently REA has focused on providing digital test banks through its online study center. The company has specific test-prep modules for some of America's most well known standardized tests, including the GED test , the College Board's CLEP credit-by-exam and Advanced Placement exam programs, and the ACT college admissions test.

6. Principles and Practice of Engineering exam - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_and_Practice_of...

   Exams are offered twice a year, once in April and once in October, and are discipline-specific. [3] With the exception of the Structural exam, each exam is eight hours long, consisting of two 4-hour sessions administered in a single day with a lunch break. There are 40 multiple-choice questions per session.

7. Inverse-square law - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square_law

   S represents the light source, while r represents the measured points. The lines represent the flux emanating from the sources and fluxes. The total number of flux lines depends on the strength of the light source and is constant with increasing distance, where a greater density of flux lines (lines per unit area) means a stronger energy field.

8. Fermat's principle - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat's_principle

   Fermat's principle is most familiar, however, in the case of visible light: it is the link between geometrical optics, which describes certain optical phenomena in terms of rays, and the wave theory of light, which explains the same phenomena on the hypothesis that light consists of waves.

9. Jones calculus - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_calculus

   In optics, polarized light can be described using the Jones calculus, [1] invented by R. C. Jones in 1941. Polarized light is represented by a Jones vector, and linear optical elements are represented by Jones matrices. When light crosses an optical element the resulting polarization of the emerging light is found by taking the product of the ...