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The life cycle of lambda phages is controlled by cI and Cro proteins. The lambda phage will remain in the lysogenic state if cI proteins predominate, but will be transformed into the lytic cycle if cro proteins predominate. The cI dimer may bind to any of three operators, O R 1, O R 2, and O R 3, in the order O R 1 > O R 2 > O R 3.
Antitermination in lambda is induced by two quite distinct mechanisms. The first is the result of interaction between lambda N protein and its targets in the early phage transcripts, and the second is the result of an interaction between the lambda Q protein and its target in the late phage promoter. We describe the N mechanism first.
The cell division cycle protein 20 homolog is an essential regulator of cell division that is encoded by the CDC20 gene [5] [6] in humans. To the best of current knowledge its most important function is to activate the anaphase promoting complex (APC/C), a large 11-13 subunit complex that initiates chromatid separation and entrance into anaphase .
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G 1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G 2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm and cell membrane divides forming two daughter cells.
In the lambda phage, it is specifically E. coli. The wild type, having a temperate life cycle, allows the virus to exist in 2 life cycle stages, A lysogeny, and a lytic stage. During these life cycles it destroys the cell through the process of lysis, during the lysis process the offspring of the virus are released from the burst cell.
When cells are ready to divide, because cell size is big enough or because they receive the appropriate stimulus, [45] they activate the mechanism to enter into the G1 stage of cell cycle, and they duplicate most organelles during S (synthesis) phase, including their centrosome. Therefore, when the cell division process will end, each daughter ...
In eukaryotes, the cell cycle consists of four main stages: G 1, during which a cell is metabolically active and continuously grows; S phase, during which DNA replication takes place; G 2, during which cell growth continues and the cell synthesizes various proteins in preparation for division; and the M phase, during which the duplicated ...
A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA.These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in groups to create two identical DNA duplexes from a single original DNA duplex.