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Hepatitis A can be transmitted by the parenteral route, but very rarely by blood and blood products. Food-borne outbreaks are common, [40] and ingestion of shellfish cultivated in polluted water is associated with a high risk of infection. [41] HAV can also be spread through sexual contact, specifically oro–anal and digital–rectal sexual ...
Although L. monocytogenes has low infectivity, it is hardy and can grow in a refrigerator temperature of 4 °C (39.2 °F) up to the human body temperature of 37 °C (98.6 °F). [5] It is the usual cause of the relatively rare bacterial disease listeriosis, an infection caused by eating food contaminated with the bacteria.
The Chi-Chi's Hepatitis A outbreak served as a wake-up call for the food industry and led to the implementation of new food laws, which have helped prevent similar outbreaks from occurring in the ...
The blood borne viruses (B, C) can cause both acute and chronic liver disease and can be transmitted from mother to child during birth, through contact with body fluids during sex, unsafe injections and through unscreened blood transfusions. [5] The most common types of hepatitis can be prevented or treated. [6]
Foodborne illness (also known as foodborne disease and food poisoning) [1] is any illness resulting from the contamination of food by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites, [2] as well as prions (the agents of mad cow disease), and toxins such as aflatoxins in peanuts, poisonous mushrooms, and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes.
“Cooking can destroy nutrients, but it depends on the method of cooking. Frying and boiling leads to more nutrient loss than steaming and microwaving,” says Hafiz M. Rizwan Abid, M.S. , a ...
Rarely, people with the hepatitis A virus can rapidly develop liver failure, termed fulminant hepatic failure, especially the elderly and those who had a pre-existing liver disease, especially hepatitis C. [17] [80] Mortality risk factors include greater age and chronic hepatitis C. [17] In these cases, more aggressive supportive therapy and ...
Vasculitis is a group of disorders that destroy blood vessels by inflammation. [2] Both arteries and veins are affected. Lymphangitis (inflammation of lymphatic vessels) is sometimes considered a type of vasculitis. [3] Vasculitis is primarily caused by leukocyte migration and resultant damage.